Understanding Neurodivergence: The Role of Environment and Nutrition
by Patrick Holford

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Neurodivergence refers to differences in mental or neurological function from what is considered typical. This concept encompasses conditions such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), ADHD, Touretteโs syndrome, dyspraxia, synaesthesia, dyscalculia, Down syndrome, epilepsy, and chronic mental health conditions like bipolar disorder, OCD, borderline personality disorder, anxiety, and depression. The overlap of traits in ASD and ADHD has led to the term AuDHD, recognising their frequent co-occurrence [1].
The term โneurodiversityโ refers to the natural variations in how human brains function, emphasising that every individual is unique [2]. While some neurodivergent individuals face challenges in communication, information processing, and social integration, others exhibit remarkable creativity and intelligence. The former president of the National Association of Head Teachers, Dr Rona Tutt, highlights that neurodevelopmental disorders often co-occur, challenging outdated beliefs that conditions exist in isolation [3].
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The Environmental Influence on Neurodivergence
While genetics may contribute to neurodivergence, environmental factors play a significant role. The rise in neurodevelopmental diagnoses cannot be solely attributed to better awareness and diagnosis . Factors such as air pollution, processed food consumption, chemical exposure, and modern technology use are increasingly considered potential contributors [3]. Many characteristics of neurodivergence appear within families, often assumed to be genetic. However, shared environmental influencesโnutritional deficiencies, exposure to toxins, and psychosocial stressorsโmay drive this heritability rather than genes alone [3].
The increase in neurodevelopmental diagnoses is particularly striking in children. In the US, one in six children is classified as neurodivergent, and autism diagnoses have risen fourfold in two decades [1]. A practical measure of this shift is the number of children classified as having special educational needs (SEN). These classifications are often made reluctantly by parents and educators, underscoring the genuine increase in neurodivergence rather than mere overdiagnosis.
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The Role of Nutrition in Brain Development
Nutrition plays a crucial role in cognitive development and mental health. Dr Carl Pfeiffer, a pioneering physician, identified zinc deficiency and pyroluria as biological imbalances linked to sensory overload and neurodevelopmental difficulties [4].
Nutrient deficiencies can contribute to key symptoms of ASD and ADHD. The following table is adapted from data provided by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on common ASD characteristics and their potential nutritional correlations. Research has linked the following deficiencies to common neurodivergent traits:
Common Neurodivergent Traits | Associated Nutrient Deficiencies |
Avoids eye contact | Vitamin A, Omega-3 DHA |
Delayed language skills | Omega-3 DHA, Hcy/B vitamins, vitamin A |
Delayed movement skills | Omega-3 DHA, Hcy/B vitamins, vitamin A |
Delayed cognitive or learning skills | Omega-3 DHA, Hcy/B vitamins, vitamin A |
Hyperactive, impulsive, and/or inattentive behaviour | Omega-3 DHA, Hcy/B vitamins, dysglycemia (sugar), additives eg MSG) |
Epilepsy or seizure disorder | Omega-3 DHA, Hcy/B vitamins, dysglycemia (sugar), magnesium |
Unusual eating and sleeping habits | Food intolerance, sugar, magnesium, zinc, tryptophan |
Gastrointestinal issues (for example, constipation) | Food intolerance (e.g., coeliacs), gut dysbiosis, zinc |
Unusual mood or emotional reactions | Omega-3 DHA, Hcy/B vitamins, dysglycemia (sugar), additives eg MSG), food intolerance, iron |
Anxiety, stress, or excessive worry | Omega-3 DHA, Hcy/B vitamins, dysglycemia (sugar), vitamin C |
Lack of fear or more fear than expected | Omega-3 DHA, Hcy/B vitamins, dysglycemia (sugar), vitamin C |
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The Critical Window of Pregnancy and Early Childhood
The foundation of brain health is laid during pregnancy. By birth, 70% of brain cells are already formed, making prenatal and early childhood nutrition crucial [5]. Deficiencies during this period can have long-term consequences.
For example, studies have shown:
- Low seafood consumption during pregnancy is linked to poorer social behaviour, fine motor skills, and verbal IQ in children [6].
- Vitamin A deficiency affects brain development, leading to cognitive impairment [7].
- Low maternal folate intake is associated with poorer cognitive outcomes in children [8].
- Higher B-vitamin levels in infancy predict better cognitive function in adulthood [5].
- Supplementing with folic acid (400mcg/day) during pregnancy improves cognitive outcomes at ages three and seven [5].
- Elevated homocysteine levels during pregnancy are linked to higher risks of anxiety, depression, and social difficulties in children [9].
Optimising Brain Health Through Diet
Given the strong link between nutrition and brain function, proactive dietary changes can support neurodevelopment and alleviate symptoms of neurodivergence. Key recommendations include:
- Avoid alcohol and smoking, especially during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
- Limit or avoid foods with added sugar and follow a low-GL diet.
- Avoid artificial colourings and flavour additives, such as MSG.
- Optimise omega-3 intake from seafood and eggs, and supplement with omega-3 DHA and EPA.
- Ensure adequate vitamin A and D intake, with sufficient sun exposure to support vitamin D levels.
- Support healthy methylation with B vitamins, especially vitamin B12 for vegans and those on a predominantly plant-based diet.
- Check for food intolerances, including gluten, if digestive symptoms are present.
It is also important to note that the DRIfT test can be administered to any child over the age of two. Also note you can do the DRIfT test on any child over 2 years old. Find out more about the DRIfT test here
The Future of Neurodivergence: Prevention and Support
While some neurodevelopmental conditions may not be entirely preventable, improving prenatal and childhood nutrition can help reduce risks and alleviate symptoms. The rising prevalence of neurodivergence suggests an urgent need to address environmental and dietary factors [10]. Rather than normalising suboptimal brain development, prioritising nutrition and early intervention can improve outcomes for neurodivergent individuals.
By fostering a deeper understanding of how environmental and nutritional factors influence neurodivergence, we can better support individuals in reaching their full potential while reducing unnecessary suffering.
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Join us in our Smart Kids Campaign!

How to get involved:
- Attend the Optimising Neurodivergence Webinar โ happening on 24th April at 6:30 PM – sign up here
- Register for the Smart Kids Conference โ an all-day event for health professionals and practitioners on 24th April, 2025. – sign up here
- Donate to the Smart Kids Programme โ help support neurodivergent children – find out more here
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References
1.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Autism Data. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/autism/data-research/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html
2. Psychology Today. “What Is Neurodiversity?”. Available at: https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/basics/neurodiversity
3. Tutt, R. Neurodiversity insights. Trustee and Scientific Advisor, Food for the Brain.
4. Pfeiffer, C. Nutritional insights. Pfeiffer Treatment Center.
5. McNulty, H., et al. (2019). Effect of continued folic acid supplementation beyond the first trimester of pregnancy on cognitive performance in the child: a follow-up study from a randomized controlled trial (FASSTT Offspring Trial). BMC Medicine, 17(1), 196. doi:10.1186/s12916-019-1432-4.
6. Hibbeln, J.R., et al. (2007). Maternal seafood consumption in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood (ALSPAC study). Lancet, 369(9561), 578โ585. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60277-3.
7. Liu, Z. (2021). The Impact of Vitamin A on Cognitive Functions. Behavioral Neurology, 2021:5417497. doi:10.1155/2021/5417497.
8. Veena, S.R., et al. (2010). Higher maternal plasma folate but not vitamin B-12 concentrations during pregnancy are associated with better cognitive function scores in 9- to 10-year-old children in South India. Journal of Nutrition, 140(5), 1014โ1022. doi:10.3945/jn.109.118075.
9. Roigรฉ-Castellvรญ, J., Murphy, M., Fernรกndez-Ballart, J., & Canals, J. (2019). Moderately elevated preconception fasting plasma total homocysteine is a risk factor for psychological problems in childhood. Public Health Nutrition, 22(9), 1615โ1623. doi:10.1017/S1368980018003610.
10. Kranz, S., Jones, N.R.V., & Monsivais, P. (2017). Intake Levels of Fish in the UK Paediatric Population. Nutrients, 9(4), 392. doi:10.3390/nu9040392.