Widespread omega-3 deficiency is cranking up aggression.
Children flying off the handle, fighting at school, increasing rates of ADHD, depression and violent offences, perhaps even more global conflicts – a new study suggests that something very simple could be cranking up aggression.
Less omega-3 from seafood.
A study of 4,000 participants over 28 years, has found a clear reduction in aggression when children and adults are given either omega-3 supplements or eat more fish. According to advisor to the US National Institutes of Health, Dr Joseph Hibbeln, a country’s incidence of homicide, depression and suicide ‘tracks’ their seafood consumption. In Australia, a prisoner’s omega-3 index, measured in a pin prick blood test predicts anger, aggression and AHDH. A study in UK prisons found that giving omega-3 supplements to prison inmates, compared to placebos, reduced violent offences by more than a third.
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Omega-3 support in community, clinics and our criminal justice system
“Based on this evidence our considered opinion is that there is now sufficient evidence to begin to implement omega-3 supplementation to reduce aggression in children and adults, whether the setting is community, the clinic or criminal justice system” say the study authors Adrian Raine and Lia Brodrick from the University of Pennsylvania.
“There is now clear evidence that not only are low blood omega-3 levels associated with increased aggressive behaviour but supplementation with fish oil can reduce aggressive tendencies in adults and children.” says Professor William Harris from the Fatty Acid Research Institute in the US, one of our scientific advisors.
This is why we now offer an easy, pin prick home test for omega-3 to go alongside our free online Cognitive Function Test and diet and lifestyle questionnaire that assesses omega-3 status and other factors that are important to your brain function and development.
We need to treat it the same as vitamin D
“Less than 5% of children in the UK achieve the basic recommended levels of omega-3” says Dr Simon Dyall, clinical neuroscientist at the University of Roehampton who also advises the charity “Even these recommendations are too low, according to the evidence regarding brain function. Many children eat no fish at all and don’t supplement omega-3. The evidence is more than sufficient to recommend that we take action now to protect our children’s brains.”
In the same way that GPs test vitamin D we need to test both children and adults presenting with ADHD, depression, anxiety and aggression for their omega-3 index.
In Japan, where a lot of seafood is eaten, the level is 10% and rates of violence, depression, suicide and Alzheimer’s are a fraction of those in the UK. People in the UK and US average 4% on the pinprick omega-3 index. You need over 8% for a healthy brain. Many offenders test as low as 2%.
You can’t build a healthy brain without omega-3. Our children are suffering. There is more than enough evidence of this.
Yet there is no government recommendation in the UK of how much omega-3 we need. The advice to eat fish twice a week is neither enough, nor heeded.
That is why we are helping people help themselves by testing their omega-3 index and advising them accordingly. But we need this done on a national scale, especially in poorer communities.
If doctors can test and prescribe vitamin D, why can’t they test and prescribe omega-3?
Food for the Brain is a non-for-profit educational and research charity that offers a free Cognitive Function Test and assesses your Dementia Risk Index to be able to advise you on how to dementia-proof your diet and lifestyle.
By completing the Cognitive Function Test you are joining our grassroots research initiative to find out what really works for preventing cognitive decline. We share our ongoing research results with you to help you make brain-friendly choices. Please support our research by becoming a Friend of Food for the Brain.
References
A. Raine, L. Brodrick ‘Omega-3 supplementation reduces aggressive behavior: A meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials’Aggression and Violent Behavior, 2024, 101956 doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2024.101956.
Hibbeln JR. Depression, suicide and deficiencies of omega-3 essential fatty acids in modern diets. World Rev Nutr Diet. 2009;99:17-30. doi: 10.1159/000192992.
Meyer BJ, Byrne MK, Collier C, Parletta N, Crawford D, Winberg PC, et al. (2015) Baseline Omega-3 Index Correlates with Aggressive and Attention Deficit Disorder Behaviours in Adult Prisoners. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0120220. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0120220
Gesch CB, Hammond SM, Hampson SE, Eves A, Crowder MJ. Influence of supplementary vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids on the antisocial behaviour of young adult prisoners. Randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2002 Jul;181:22-8. doi: 10.1192/bjp.181.1.22.
Today marks the halfway point for 28 Upgrade Your Brain events in Ireland and the UK and it has been a delight to meet mothers, daughters, fathers and sons sharing their hopes, struggles and stories of transformation, joining the mission to save as many brains as possible from unnecessary mental illness.
Here are a few recent sharings. Please encourage all your friends and family to attend the remaining seminars (book your tickets here) and – if not near you – come to the webinar on June 5th – book your virtual ticket here.
We’ve received many requests for more seminars in the North (and in Wales) so I’m cooking up a tour in late October of Wrexham, Leeds, Edinburgh and Glasgow. Maybe Manchester if anyone on the ground invites me. Then we’re off to China and Japan!
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The Music…
Some have asked to hear the songs, my HeartStuff playlist on Spotify that I’ve been playing before and after the seminars, and on the road, as we drive through the early hours, over mountains and rolling hills, by the water, crossing bridges in the early morning mist and driving rain. (What a magnificent green world this is!)
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The Poems…
Also, some have asked for poems such as Ignosis, Demented, The Beach and The Cat Who got Corona from her Owner. Read the poem here.
Looking forward to meeting you down the road in June. Then we’re off to America and Canada in July. Get your tickets here.
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A big thank you!
A big thanks to Viridian who are spreading the word to all health food stores, Ros at patrickholford.com, you and all the local health food stores (too many to mention) for helping spread the word.
For helping to spread the word to your people and practitioners.
As Dr David Perlmutter says “You are the architect of your brain’s destiny.”
Make it a good one! No need for this dementia devastation.
Thank you for reading!
Food for the Brain is a non-for-profit educational and research charity that offers a free Cognitive Function Test and assesses your Dementia Risk Index to be able to advise you on how to dementia-proof your diet and lifestyle.
By completing the Cognitive Function Test you are joining our grassroots research initiative to find out what really works for preventing cognitive decline. We share our ongoing research results with you to help you make brain-friendly choices. Please support our research by becoming a Friend of Food for the Brain.
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is not just an issue to address with our children. Many adults are finding themselves diagnosed with this brain disorder and conventional medicinal support is limited.
Why are we struggling to focus and concentrate OR focus on one specific task at a cost to our health, relationships and other essential life activities (known as hyperfocus)?
We can see how this, if not managed, can be problematic for children and the impact it can have on their learning and confidence but what if you are an adult who has recently realised that your brain works and struggles differently to those around you? (If you are interested in supporting your child’s brain and development we have our Smart Kids programme coming soon)
The incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders like Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has surged in recent years and both are classified as neurodivergent conditions (along with other conditions like learning disabilities, attention-deficit and anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette’s syndrome).
In the UK and the USA, the rise in diagnoses has been significant, prompting questions about underlying causes and potential solutions. While there may be a familial aspect, we know ‘it is not in the genes’. So, why are we facing this attention deficit disaster?
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The Attention Deficit Disaster in Adults
ADHD is not confined to childhood; many adults continue to experience its symptoms, which can significantly impact their personal and professional lives. Also, many parents discover this about themselves as they go through the process of getting their child diagnosed.
Common symptoms of adult ADHD include:
Inattention: difficulty sustaining attention during tasks, making careless mistakes, not listening when spoken to directly, and being easily distracted (1,2).
Hyperfocus: paradoxically, some adults with ADHD can become intensely focused on tasks they find stimulating or rewarding, often to the exclusion of other activities (3).
Disorganisation: chronic issues with organising tasks and activities, often leading to missed deadlines and forgotten appointments (4).
Time Management Problems: struggling to manage time effectively, leading to procrastination and difficulty completing tasks (5).
Impulsivity: making hasty decisions without considering the long-term consequences, interrupting others, and difficulty waiting for their turn (6).
Emotional Dysregulation: experiencing intense emotions, such as frustration or anger, and difficulty managing stress (7,8).
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It looks different for men and women…
ADHD can present differently in men and women, which often leads to underdiagnosis or misdiagnosis in women. Here are some key differences:
Inattention vs. Hyperactivity: women are more likely to exhibit inattentive symptoms, such as disorganisation, forgetfulness, and difficulty focusing. In contrast, men often display more hyperactive and impulsive behaviours, like restlessness and acting without thinking (9,10).
Emotional Symptoms: women with ADHD may experience higher levels of emotional dysregulation, including mood swings, anxiety, and depression. Men are more likely to exhibit externalising behaviours, such as aggression and conduct problems (11,12).
Coping Mechanisms: women tend to develop coping strategies that mask their symptoms, such as becoming perfectionists or overworking to compensate for their inattentiveness. This can delay diagnosis and treatment (13).
Social Consequences: women with ADHD often face significant social consequences, including challenges in maintaining relationships and social isolation. Men, however, may struggle more with academic and behavioural issues in school settings (14,15).
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Start at the very beginning of brain development…
The adult brain begins at conception, making maternal nutrition crucial.
As well as avoiding alcohol and smoking during pregnancy we know from a study of 11,875 pregnant women there is a clear relationship between the amount of seafood consumed by a pregnant woman and their child’s development. The less seafood consumed, the worse the child’s social behaviour, fine motor skills, communication and social development, and verbal IQ. (16)
In addition, a lack of vitamin A during pregnancy, another nutrient rich in seafood, can affect brain development and lead to long-term or even permanent impairment in the learning process, memory formation, and cognitive function. (17)
Plus, there is folic acid. A mother’s folate intake predicts the child’s performance in cognitive tests at the age of nine to ten (18) and the higher a baby’s B-vitamin status, the higher their cognitive function at the age of 25. (19) Supplementing mothers-to-be with folic acid (400mcg/day) during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy is associated with better cognition in their children at the age of three and better word reasoning and IQ (verbal and performance) at seven.(20)
Nothing can be built properly in the brain without healthy methylation and methylation requires folate (which is reflected by a low homocysteine level). Raised homocysteine is a well-known predictor of miscarriage and pregnancy problems, which is why I recommend no woman attempts pregnancy until her homocysteine level is below 7 mcmol/l.
While we have learned that a homocysteine level above 11 means increased brain shrinkage, even a homocysteine level of above 9 during pregnancy predicts more problems, specifically withdrawn behaviour, anxiety, depression, social problems and aggressive behaviour in the child at the age of six. (21)
So looking back to your childhood development might help you to understand your adult brain. How well nourished was it? Did you get adequate folate, vitamin A and consume seafoods as a child?
Our hope is some of the deficit in brain function can be recovered by providing all brain-dependent nutrients at an optimal level and see what happens.
What would happen if you started to eat more fish and seafood? Here is some of the science:
Lower DHA concentrations are associated with poorer reading ability, poorer memory, oppositional behaviour and emotional instability. (22)
Several studies have shown increased aggression in those with low omega-3 DHA and EPA, and giving more omega-3 reduces aggression.(23)
Improved IQ and sleep quality: a study of 541 Chinese schoolchildren found that fish consumption predicted sleep quality and that those who ate the most fish had the highest IQ – 4.8 points higher than those who ate none. Improved sleep quality, linked to fish intake, was correlated with IQ. (24)
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Other Essential Nutrients for Brain Health
The brain needs nourishing, especially in childhood as it is growing and developing rapidly, but also as adults.
Here are some of the essential nutrients you may want to focus on to optimise your brain:
Vitamin A: can affect brain development and lead to long-term or even permanent impairment in the learning process, memory formation, and cognitive function. (17)
Vitamin D: low vitamin D levels in childhood are related to behaviour problems in adolescence (25) and are significantly linked to a higher risk of dementia and cognitive decline. (26, 27, 28)
Chromium, copper, zinc, and magnesium: children with ADHD tend to have lower levels of zinc, chromium, and magnesium, with some having low levels of copper (29). One study found a higher copper to zinc ratio in neurodivergent children compared to neurotypical children, predicting the degree of ADHD (30). Zinc supplementation has been shown to improve memory and attention spans in ADHD (31). Additionally, magnesium deficiency is common in ADHD, and supplementation has been linked to reduced hyperactivity (32). Deficiencies in these minerals can contribute to symptoms of ADHD and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
So are we Neurodivergent or Neurodeficient?
In the chart below I’ve listed the most common characteristics in those with autistic spectrum disorder by the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention
I’ve added a column for the nutrients, when deficient, that have been shown to induce these symptoms.
Omega-3 DHA, Hcy/B vitamins, dysglycemia (sugar), vitamin C
Lack of fear or more fear than expected
Omega-3 DHA, Hcy/B vitamins, dysglycemia (sugar), vitamin C
Hcy stands for homocysteine which is the best indicator of lack of methylating B vitamins
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Ending your sweet tooth…
It’s not just about specific nutrients, the amount of sugar you consume has a big impact on your brain health.
Too many carbs and ultra-processed foods are bad for anyone at any age, as is too much sugar. They are linked to children’s mental health issues relating to symptoms of ADHD (33) and autism and adult anxiety and depression, (34) and strongly linked to increased risk of age-related cognitive decline, dementia and Alzheimer’s.
Going back to childhood, even the glycemic load of a mother’s diet predicts a massive four-fold risk of anxiety in toddlers, with five times more impulsivity in boys, and four times as many sleeping problems, while girls have 15 times the likelihood of anxiety in those in the top third for glycemic load. (35)
So while you probably already know it, reducing sugar is imperative to your brain health.
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Gut health & food intolerances
Dr Alessio Fasano, who is both Professor of Paediatrics at Harvard Medical School and Professor of Nutrition at Harvard’s Chan School of Public Health, thinks something is going wrong in the gut, with many ASD children reporting gut problems, including diarrhoea, constipation, belching and excessive flatulence and dysbiosis indicated by an abnormal pattern of gut bacteria. (36)
Professor Fasano’s research finds that neurodivergent guts show high levels of zonulin, which can lead to leaky gut. (37) The gluten in wheat makes the zonulin levels go up.
Opioid-like wheat and milk proteins have been found in the urine samples of those with ASD, making these foods especially ‘addictive’. This was the discovery of researchers at the Autism Research Unit at the University of Sunderland, headed by Paul Shattock, now known as ESPA Research. They developed successful strategies for helping children with autism known as the Sunderland Protocol. (38)
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The four drivers of ADHD
Optimum nutrition has a big role to play in helping ameliorate negative symptoms of neurodivergence.
Multi-nutrient trials have shown improvements in irritability, hyperactivity and self-harm in children with ADHD.(39) Raised homocysteine and low B12 or folate are associated with greater risk of developing ASD and worse symptoms, (40) creating methylation abnormalities that could explain many of the symptoms. (41) Supplementing homocysteine- lowering B vitamins makes symptoms better. (42)
So to summarise conditions like ADHD may be the result of either:
A high-GL diet, with too much sugar
A lack of essential omega-3 fats
A lack of critical nutrients such as B vitamins, zinc and magnesium
Unidentified food intolerances (read more about how food intolerance can impact the brain here)
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What you can do
For adults managing ADHD, a holistic approach that incorporates dietary changes and supplementation can be highly effective. Here are some strategies:
Feed your brain! The food you eat provides the ‘raw material’ for your brain and body. Focus on a diet rich in whole foods, including 3-5 portions of oily fish a week, nuts, seeds, leafy greens, and vegetables, to ensure adequate intake of essential nutrients.
Add in key nutrients. Consider supplementing with B-vitamins, zinc, magnesium, copper, chromium, and other essential nutrients to address deficiencies and support optimal brain function. Find out more about recommended supplements and dose requirements here
Test don’t guess. Test your vitamin D, omega-3, and sugar levels, along with your homocysteine to get accurate data on what you need to focus on or supplement with.Find out more about the accurate, at-home tests here
Mindful Eating. Pay attention to food intolerances and adopt a low-glycemic load (low sugar) diet to stabilise blood sugar levels and improve cognitive function.
Complete the Cognitive Function test below to get personalised information on your area of risk and what you can do to mitigate them and upgrade your brain over the next 6 months..
Reclaim your brain so that your neurodivergence can serve and support you, and no longer create additional struggle in your life.
Thank you for reading!
Food for the Brain is a non-for-profit educational and research charity that offers a free Cognitive Function Test and assesses your Dementia Risk Index to be able to advise you on how to dementia-proof your diet and lifestyle.
By completing the Cognitive Function Test you are joining our grassroots research initiative to find out what really works for preventing cognitive decline. We share our ongoing research results with you to help you make brain-friendly choices. Please support our research by becoming a Friend of Food for the Brain.
References
1 Barkley RA. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment. New York: Guilford Press; 2010.
2 Kooij JJS, Bejerot S, Blackwell A, et al. European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD. BMC Psychiatry. 2010;10(1):67.
3 Asherson P, et al. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: A review of the literature. Nat Rev Neurol. 2012;8(2):93-104.
4 Brown TE. Attention Deficit Disorder: The Unfocused Mind in Children and Adults. New Haven: Yale University Press; 2005.
5 Faraone SV, Biederman J, Mick E. The age-dependent decline of ADHD: A meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychol Med. 2006;36(2):159-165.
6 Willcutt EG, et al. Validity of DSM-IV attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom dimensions and subtypes. J Abnorm Psychol. 2012;121(4):991.
7 Shaw P, et al. Emotion dysregulation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171(3):276-293.
8 Surman CB, et al. Emotional dysregulation in adult ADHD and response to atomoxetine. J Atten Disord. 2011;15(5):354-368.
9 Quinn PO, Madhoo M. A review of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in women and girls: Uncovering this hidden diagnosis. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2014;16(3):PCC.13r01596.
10. Williamson D, Johnston C. Gender differences in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A narrative review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2015;40:15-27.
11.Loo SK, et al. Cognition in girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Executive functions, emotion regulation, and comorbidity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;47(3):262-274.
12 Babinski DE, et al. A meta-analysis of neuropsychological functioning in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2015;30(8):724-743.
13 Skogli EW, et al. Emotional lability in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Clinical correlates and familial prevalence. J Affect Disord. 2013;145(2):241-249.
14 Grevet EH, et al. Gender differences in prevalence of symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in adults. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2005;27(1):21-24.
15 Solanto MV, et al. The prevalence of sluggish cognitive tempo in psychiatric outpatients with ADHD, anxiety, and mood disorders. J Atten Disord. 2017;21(8):666-674.
16 Hibbeln JR, Davis JM,] Steer C, Emmett P, Rogers I, Williams C, Golding J. Maternal seafood consumption in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood (ALSPAC study): an observational cohort study. Lancet. 2007 Feb 17;369(9561):578-85. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60277-3. PMID: 17307104.
17 Z.Liu Behav Neurol. 2021 Dec 7;2021:5417497
18 Veena SR, Krishnaveni GV, Srinivasan K, Wills AK, Muthayya S, Kurpad AV, Yajnik CS, Fall CH. Higher maternal plasma folate but not vitamin B-12 concentrations during pregnancy are associated with better cognitive function scores in 9- to 10- year-old children in South India. J Nutr. 2010 May;140(5):1014-22. doi: 10.3945/jn.109.118075. Epub 2010 Mar 24. PMID: 20335637; PMCID: PMC3672847.
19. Qin B, Xun P, Jacobs DR Jr, Zhu N, Daviglus ML, Reis JP, Steffen LM, Van Horn L, Sidney S, He K. Intake of niacin, folate, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 through young adulthood and cognitive function in midlife: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017 Oct;106(4):1032-1040. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.117.157834. Epub 2017 Aug 2. PMID: 28768650; PMCID: PMC5611785.
20 McNulty H, Rollins M, Cassidy T, Caffrey A, Marshall B, Dornan J, McLaughlin M, McNulty BA, Ward M, Strain JJ, Molloy AM, Lees-Murdock DJ, Walsh CP, Pentieva K. Effect of continued folic acid supplementation beyond the first trimester of pregnancy on cognitive performance in the child: a follow-up study from a randomized controlled trial (FASSTT Offspring Trial). BMC Med. 2019 Oct 31;17(1):196. doi: 10.1186/s12916-019-1432-4. PMID: 31672132; PMCID: PMC6823954.
21 Roigé-Castellví J, Murphy M, Fernández-Ballart J, Canals J. Moderately elevated preconception fasting plasma total homocysteine is a risk factor for psychological problems in childhood. Public Health Nutr. 2019 Jun;22(9):1615-1623. doi: 10.1017/S1368980018003610. Epub 2019 Jan 14. PMID: 30636652; PMCID: PMC10261079.
22 Montgomery P, Burton JR, Sewell RP, Spreckelsen TF, Richardson AJ. Low blood long chain omega-3 fatty acids in UK children are associated with poor cognitive performance and behavior: a cross-sectional analysis from the DOLAB study. PLoS One. 2013 Jun 24;8(6):e66697. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066697. Erratum in: PLoS One. 2013;8(9). doi:10.1371/annotation/26c6b13f-b83a-4a3f-978a-c09d8ccf1ae2. PMID: 23826114; PMCID: PMC3691187.
23 Raine A, Ang RP, Choy O, Hibbeln JR, Ho RM, Lim CG, Lim-Ashworth NSJ, Ling S, Liu JCJ, Ooi YP, Tan YR, Fung DSS. Omega-3 (ω-3) and social skills interventions for reactive aggression and childhood externalizing behavior problems: a randomized, stratified, double-blind, placebo-controlled, factorial trial. Psychol Med. 2019 Jan;49(2):335-344. doi: 10.1017/S0033291718000983. Epub 2018 May 10. PMID: 29743128; see also Choy O, Raine A. Omega-3 Supplementation as a Dietary Intervention to Reduce Aggressive and Antisocial Behavior. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2018 Apr 5;20(5):32. doi: 10.1007/s11920-018-0894-y. PMID: 29623453; see also Gow RV, Hibbeln JR. Omega-3 fatty acid and nutrient deficits in adverse neurodevelopment and childhood behaviors. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2014 Jul;23(3):555-90. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2014.02.002. Epub 2014 May 27. PMID: 24975625; PMCID: PMC4175558.
24 Liu, J., Cui, Y., Li, L. et al. The mediating role of sleep in the fish consumption – cognitive functioning relationship: a cohort study. Sci Rep7, 17961 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17520-w
25 Sonia L Robinson, Constanza Marín, Henry Oliveros, Mercedes Mora-Plazas, Betsy Lozoff, Eduardo Villamor, Vitamin D Deficiency in Middle Childhood Is Related to Behavior Problems in Adolescence, The Journal of Nutrition, Volume 150, Issue 1, 2020, pp.140–148, ISSN 0022-3166, https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxz185.
26 Jayedi A, Rashidy-Pour A, Shab-Bidar S. Vitamin D status and risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: A dose-response meta-analysis. Nutr Neurosci. 2019 Nov;22(11):750-9. doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2018.1436639.
27 Chai B, Gao F, Wu R, Dong T, Gu C, Lin Q, et al. Vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: an updated meta-analysis. BMC Neurol. 2019 Nov 13;19(1):284. doi: 10.1186/s12883-019-1500-6.
28 Melo van Lent D, Egert S, Wolfsgruber S, Kleineidam L, Weinhold L, Wagner-Thelen H, et al. Low Serum Vitamin D Status Is Associated with Incident Alzheimer’s Dementia in the Oldest Old. Nutrients. 2023;15(1):61. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010061
29 Skalny AV, Mazaletskaya AL, Ajsuvakova OP, Bjørklund G, Skalnaya MG, Chao JC, Chernova LN, Shakieva RA, Kopylov PY, Skalny AA, Tinkov AA. Serum zinc, copper, zinc-to-copper ratio, and other essential elements and minerals in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2020 Mar;58:126445. doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.126445. PMID: 31869738.
31 Hemamy M, Pahlavani N, Amanollahi A, Islam SMS, McVicar J, Askari G, Malekahmadi M. The effect of vitamin D and magnesium supplementation on the mental health status of attention-deficit hyperactive children: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatr. 2021 Apr 17;21(1):178. doi: 10.1186/s12887-021-02631-1. Erratum in: BMC Pediatr. 2021 May 12;21(1):230. PMID: 33865361; PMCID: PMC8052751.
32 B. Starobrat-Hermelin and T. Kozielec, ‘The effects of magnesium physiological supplementation on hyperactivity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Positive response to magnesium oral loading test’, Magnes Res, Vol 10(2), 1997, pp. 149-56
33 Farsad-Naeimi A, Asjodi F, Omidian M, Askari M, Nouri M, Pizarro AB, Daneshzad E. Sugar consumption, sugar sweetened beverages and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med. 2020 Sep;53:102512. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102512. Epub 2020 Aug 16. PMID: 33066852.
34 Haghighatdoost F, Azadbakht L, Keshteli AH, Feinle-Bisset C, Daghaghzadeh H, Afshar H, Feizi A, Esmaillzadeh A, Adibi P. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and common psychological disorders. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 Jan;103(1):201-9. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.105445. Epub 2015 Nov 25. PMID: 26607943.
35 Alick CL, Maguire RL, Murphy SK, Fuemmeler BF, Hoyo C, House JS. Periconceptional Maternal Diet Characterized by High Glycemic Loading Is Associated with Offspring Behavior in NEST. Nutrients. 2021 Sep 13;13(9):3180. doi: 10.3390/nu13093180. PMID: 34579057; PMCID: PMC8469715.
36 Needham BD, Adame MD, Serena G, Rose DR, Preston GM, Conrad MC, Campbell AS, Donabedian DH, Fasano A, Ashwood P, Mazmanian SK. Plasma and Fecal Metabolite Profiles in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2021 Mar 1;89(5):451-462. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.09.025. Epub 2020 Oct 10. PMID: 33342544; PMCID: PMC7867605.
37 Asbjornsdottir, Birna, et al. “Zonulin-dependent intestinal permeability in children diagnosed with mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Nutrients 12.7 (2020): 1982.
39 Mehl-Madrona L. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2017 , 23(7), 526–533.
40 Li B, Xu Y, Pang D, Zhao Q, Zhang L, Li M, Li W, Duan G, Zhu C. Interrelation between homocysteine metabolism and the development of autism spectrum disorder in children. Front Mol Neurosci. 2022 Aug 15;15:947513. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.947513. PMID: 36046711; PMCID: PMC9421079.
41 Antonio Belardo, Federica Gevi, Lello Zolla, The concomitant lower concentrations of vitamins B6, B9 and B12 may cause methylation deficiency in autistic children, The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, Volume 70, 2019, Pages 38-46, ISSN 0955-2863, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.04.004; see also James SJ, Melnyk S, Fuchs G, Reid T, Jernigan S, Pavliv O, Hubanks A, Gaylor DW. Efficacy of methylcobalamin and folinic acid treatment on glutathione redox status in children with autism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jan;89(1):425-30. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26615. Epub 2008 Dec 3. PMID: 19056591; PMCID: PMC2647708.
42 Rossignol DA, Frye RE. The Effectiveness of Cobalamin (B12) Treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Pers Med. 2021 Aug 11;11(8):784. doi: 10.3390/jpm11080784. PMID: 34442428; PMCID: PMC8400809; see also ref xx below; Adams JB, Audhya T, Geis E, Gehn E, Fimbres V, Pollard EL, Mitchell J, Ingram J, Hellmers R, Laake D, Matthews JS, Li K, Naviaux JC, Naviaux RK, Adams RL, Coleman DM, Quig DW. Comprehensive Nutritional and Dietary Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorder-A Randomized, Controlled 12-Month Trial. Nutrients. 2018 Mar 17;10(3):369. doi: 10.3390/nu10030369. PMID: 29562612; PMCID: PMC5872787; see also James SJ, Melnyk S, Fuchs G, Reid T, Jernigan S, Pavliv O, Hubanks A, Gaylor DW. Efficacy of methylcobalamin and folinic acid treatment on glutathione redox status in children with autism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jan;89(1):425-30. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26615. Epub 2008 Dec 3. PMID: 19056591; PMCID: PMC2647708.
The brain of H. sapiens evolved from a chimpanzee cranial capacity of 340cc to the peak of 1,500 to 1,700cc about 28,000 – 32,000 years ago. That encephalization was powered by the epigenetic force of wild foods, in which marine foods would have been essential to provide omega 3 DHA, and trace elements including iodine, essential for brain growth, function and maintenance. (Encephalization is an evolutionary increase in the complexity or relative size of the brain, involving a shift of function from non-cortical parts of the brain to the cortex.) The brain evolved in the sea some 500 million years ago using such nutrients and science shows they are still required today.
In recent times, the brain has been shrinking, likely due to the increasing reliance on intensively produced land foods and the decline in fish and seafoods.
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Since 1950 there has been a 40% per capita decrease in fish landings in the UK and a decline in the fishing communities and ports. At the same time, there has been a decline in average IQs and an escalation of mental ill-health. Just recently the Children’s Society declared that there had been a 3-fold increase in hospital referrals for mental ill-health in children in the last 3 years. In March 2023, the Federation of European Neuroscientists declared that brain health was now a global emergency.
The continued shrinking of the brain and escalation of mental ill health can only end in disaster.
The solution lies in the restoration of destroyed sea beds with marine pastures, planting of kelp forests, farming of shellfish and the planting of artificial reefs to provide surfaces for marine flora to flourish and as with the seagrass, enhance the natural productivity.
At the same time this solution of marine enhancement fixes CO2. This has been done in Japan, starting in 1991. It is also being started in many other places including Scotland, Korea, Oman, Saudi, Australia, and in the US. It now needs to be escalated with energy which could create a new industrial revolution and a sea change in nutrition and brain health. It is all in our book, The Shrinking Brain by Crawford and Marsh, just published.
Want to dive even deeper? Then you can get instant access to the Upgrade Your Brain Conference, with world-class speakers like Dr David Perlmutter, Dr Robert Lustig and many more!
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Thank you for reading!
Food for the Brain is a non-for-profit educational and research charity that offers a free Cognitive Function Test and assesses your Dementia Risk Index to be able to advise you on how to dementia-proof your diet and lifestyle.
By completing the Cognitive Function Test you are joining our grassroots research initiative to find out what really works for preventing cognitive decline. We share our ongoing research results with you to help you make brain-friendly choices. Please support our research by becoming a Friend of Food for the Brain.
We aimed to bring world experts and healthcare professionals together to address the mental health crisis we are facing…and we did just that.
Hundreds of people from across the world joined together to learn, discuss and share research on what we CAN do to prevent and shift the (depressing) trajectory of decline. When we come together things can change, not just for adults but for children and future generations to come.
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‘Thank you so much for organising this amazing day! So, SO interesting…’ Audrey – practitioner
This conference is great, really enjoying it! Anon.
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The variety and depth of information was excellent, and to see so many people coming together and the variety of tools available to help create this change in mental health was inspiring and hopeful.
If you have ever felt confused by all the ‘pieces’ that play a role in brain health this event will bring more clarity and help you know what to focus on in your own life or with your clients.
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This has been super interesting and everyone should listen to it!
The role of a ketogenic diet in depression, bipolar and cognitive decline with Dr Georgia Ede and why the Mediterranean diet is not the ‘perfect’ diet.
Debate on how healthy legumes are, should we promote fish more than meat and intermittent fasting
Victoria Sampson discusses the oral microbiomeand how gum disease can increase risk of Alzheimer’s by up to 70%…plus some debate around fluoride and what toothpaste we need to be using!
The link between fluoride mouthwashes and Alzheimer’s with Dr David Perlmutter
Tommy Wood brilliantly explained how so many of these things fit together in terms of structure, supply, utilisation.
Robert Lustig on fructose and its impact on the brain.
Why is it not just about omega 3 or B Vitamins – but rather how they all work together. (Omega 3 being the metaphorical plank of wood, the ‘nail’ being phospholipids and the hammer is the B-vitamins that do methylation.)
Polyphenols and fibre with Dr Christina Singer and the impact on brain health and learning.
Why we are underestimating the power of prevention and the power we have through the food we eat.
An indepth look at the four horsemen of the mental health apocalypse with Patrick Holford.
Why we should all be eating more caviar and oysters.
Dr Bill Harris on why cholesterol levels that are too low can be problematic for the brain, along with the importance of DHA fatty acids.
Plus SO much more
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Change is happening and as healthcare professionals and active members of the public, we must be equipped with the tools and research we need to make an impact. Every brain matters!
We want as many practitioners and interested members of the public to see this conference as possible so we have made the replays available for purchase at a special discounted rate for the next month.
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What an amazing day it has been! Louise – practitioner.
This is aimed at practitioners but ALL people are welcome to watch and learn from this conference.
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Thank you for reading!
Food for the Brain is a non-for-profit educational and research charity that offers a free Cognitive Function Test and assesses your Dementia Risk Index to be able to advise you on how to dementia-proof your diet and lifestyle.
By completing the Cognitive Function Test you are joining our grassroots research initiative to find out what really works for preventing cognitive decline. We share our ongoing research results with you to help you make brain-friendly choices. Please support our research by becoming a Friend of Food for the Brain.
If you look up the Oxford Dictionary definition of the word neurodivergent it is this: ‘divergence in mental or neurological function from what is considered typical or normal (frequently used with reference to autistic spectrum disorders).’
Other types of neurodivergence include Tourette’s, dyspraxia, synaesthesia, dyscalculia, Down syndrome, epilepsy, and chronic mental health illnesses such as bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, borderline personality disorder, anxiety, depression and ADHD. More recently the overlapping of symptoms within diagnoses of ADHD and ASD has led to the term AuDHD.
So the word refers to the idea that a person’s brain is processing things differently.
Before getting into the nutrition and potential driving forces that lead to some neurodivergent traits, it is important to understand the difference between ‘neurodiversity’ and ‘neurodivergence’. Neurodiversity includes us all and works on the assumption that every human is unique. I’ve long argued how biologically and biochemically unique we are. “Neurodiversity as a biological fact applies to everyone” says Psychology Today.
However, differences do not have to be seen as a disorder, but as natural variations of the human brain. Although some neurodivergent people really struggle to fit in, as they think, process information and communicate in ways that are different from the norm, some of the brightest and most creative people have been diagnosed as neurodiverse.
Dr Rona Tutt, former president of the National Association of Head teachers and a scientific advisor and Trustee of the charity says “sometimes people are divided into a majority who are described as ‘neurotypical’ – although it’s debatable whether there’s such a thing as ‘typical’ – and a minority who are described as ‘neurodivergent’ or ‘neurodiverse’. (These 2 adjectives are used interchangeably, which sometimes causes confusion).” Rona was one of the first to highlight ‘overlapping dis-orders’. She says “At one time, it was thought that if you had one diagnosis, you couldn’t have another. Then it became obvious that neurodevelopmental disorders in particular, such as autism, ADHD, Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) – formerly known as Specific Language Impairment (SLI) and the Specific Leaning Difficulties of dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia and dyspraxia, have a tendency to co-occur with each other – hence AuDHD – and with other disorders such as OCD, Tourette’s etc.”
“It is the case that these neurodevelopmental disorders run in families – there’s plenty of evidence of this in some special school populations, including where I’ve worked.” She goes on to say, “But this is only part of the story and most agree that the environment is another part of the equation. At least part of the rise in these conditions might be attributed, as you’ve said, to the unnatural environment in which we live, with the polluted air we breathe, the chemically-laden food we eat, and perhaps the way technology dominates our lives, having an adverse effect both before and after we are born.”
I’d also like to point out a common error when issues or traits run in families these are often described in as inherited, implying that it is genetic, when it may be the shared environment – be it nutritional, environmental or psycho-social that drives the heritability, not ‘genes.’ The fact that so many of these conditions have escalated beyond what could reasonably be fobbed off as ‘more awareness hence more diagnoses’ suggests a large part of the problem is not ‘genetic’.
An example of this is that the number of children diagnosed with ADHD and autism and other developmental problems classifying them as ‘neurodivergent’ has rocketed in both the UK and US. “Now, one in six children in the US are classified as neurodivergent and one in 36 as autistic – a fourfold increase in 20 years.” says professor of paediatrics, Alessio Fasano from Harvard Medical School. (1)
A practical measure of neurodivergence is whether a child is classified as SEN – in need of Special Education. One in six children now are. While it is possible to argue that some of this might be to do with ‘better diagnosis’, classifying a child as in need of special education is one that both parents and schools are keen to avoid unless absolutely necessary.
Some children cannot cope with the noise, the number of children and the intensity of interactions hence prefer not to be in mainstream school. My first teacher, Dr Carl Pfeiffer, taught me back in the 1970’s that zinc deficiency and pyroluria are biological imbalances that lead to difficulties with such sensory overload.
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Is autism, ADHD and other such conditions preventable?
In a wider sense, the question ‘is neurodivergence preventable?’ also means, are autism, ADHD, Tourette’s, dyspraxia, synesthesia, dyscalculia, Down syndrome, epilepsy, and chronic mental health illnesses such as bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, borderline personality disorder, anxiety, and depression all preventable?
Preventable in this context doesn’t have to mean ‘completely preventable’ but rather ‘can prevent to an extent’. Thus, anything that lessens the chance of someone becoming neurodivergent or alleviates any of the unpleasant or undesirable symptoms of neurodivergence is helping achieve a degree of prevention.
Since it is not reasonable to argue that the increase in neurodivergence over the past two decades is simply down to better diagnosis, it must follow that part of what is driving the increase is not ‘in the genes’ but in the environment. This could be the nutritional environment, the psychosocial environment and exposure to potential neurotoxins; possibly from industrial, building, agricultural, cosmetic or food chemicals and medicines. Vaccines and ingredients of vaccines would potentially fit in this category.
As a psychologist and nutritionist, my primary interest is in relieving suffering. Many, but certainly not all those either classified as ‘neurodivergent’ or autistic are ‘suffering’. The definition of suffering in this instance could include for example, emotional problems from anxiety and aggression to depression or cognitive problems including a hyperactive and inattentive mind, sleeping problems and feeling stressed, to name a few. Psychologically, Oscar Ichazo proposes that some of us use panic, anxiety, fears, phobias, obsessions, compulsions, hypochondria and even psychosis as a ‘door of compensation’ – a way to let off psychological steam when unable to cope with reality. Building resilience, both physically, biochemically and psychologically, is a key part of my integral medicine model.
Since there has been an escalation in the number of children classified as neurodivergent, autistic, or with attention-deficit-hyperactive disorder (ADHD), with special educational needs to the point where one in six children are so classified, we do need to ask why? Also, can a child so classified, be helped to feel, think or behave better in a way that helps them fulfil their potential enough to be happy and able to socialise with peers?
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Neurodivergent or Neurodeficient?
In the chart below I’ve listed the most common characteristics in those with autistic spectrum disorder by the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention
I’ve added a column for the nutrients, when deficient, that have been shown to induce these symptoms.
Omega-3 DHA, Hcy/B vitamins, dysglycemia (sugar), vitamin C
Lack of fear or more fear than expected
Omega-3 DHA, Hcy/B vitamins, dysglycemia (sugar), vitamin C
Hcy stands for homocysteine which is the best indicator of lack of methylating B vitamins
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The hard truth…
Most importantly, the hard truth is that many of the brain cells, neurons in the brain are formed by birth; literally 70% of all neurons are already there. What happens at every stage of pregnancy, and especially early on, has a major impact on the child’s development. Consequently, some neurodevelopmental issues that result in these symptoms are largely irreversible. Foetal alcohol syndrome is such an example. Knowing this makes it imperative to encourage as much as we can, women who are likely to become pregnant to first optimise their diet and nutrients intake and avoid anti-nutrients – alcohol and smoking are two such anti-nutrients.
As well as avoiding alcohol and smoking during pregnancy we know from a study of 11,875 pregnant women, there is a clear relationship between the amount of seafood consumed by a pregnant woman and their child’s development. The less seafood consumed, the worse the child’s social behaviour, fine motor skills, communication and social development, and verbal IQ.(2)
Also, a lack of vitamin A during pregnancy, which is another nutrient rich in seafood, can affect brain development and lead to long-term or even permanent impairment in the learning process, memory formation, and cognitive function. (3)
You can do the DRIfT test on children over 2 years old.
We also know that a mother’s folate intake predicts the child’s performance in cognitive tests at the age of nine to ten (4) and the higher a baby’s B-vitamin status, the higher their cognitive function at the age of 25. (5) Supplementing mothers-to-be with folic acid (400mcg/day) during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy is associated with better cognition in their children at the age of three and better word reasoning and IQ (verbal and performance) at seven. (6)
Folate is required for healthy methylation and nothing can be built properly in the brain without healthy methylation, which is reflected by a low homocysteine level. Raised homocysteine is a well-known predictor of miscarriage and pregnancy problems, which is why I recommend no woman attempts pregnancy until her homocysteine level is below 7mcmol/l. While we have learned that a homocysteine level above 11 means increased brain shrinkage, even a homocysteine level of above 9 during pregnancy predicts more problems, specifically withdrawn behaviour, anxiety, depression, social problems and aggressive behaviour in the child at the age of six. (7)
We hope that some of the deficit in brain function can be recovered. The starting point is to provide all brain-dependent nutrients at an optimal level and see what happens. In the UK, fewer than 5 per cent of children achieve the basic dietary recommendations for omega-3 and fish. (8) Lower DHA concentrations are associated with poorer reading ability, poorer memory, oppositional behaviour and emotional instability. (9) Several studies have shown increased aggression in those with low omega-3 DHA and EPA, and giving more omega-3 reduces aggression. (10)
Fish and omega-3 are associated with better cognition in children. A study of 541 Chinese schoolchildren found that fish consumption predicted sleep quality and that those who ate the most fish had the highest IQ; 4.8 points higher than those who ate none. Improved sleep quality, linked to fish intake, was correlated with IQ level. (11)
A study in Northern Ireland found that half of schoolchildren were deficient in vitamin D, with a level below 50nmol/l (I recommend above 75 nmol/l). Another found that low vitamin D levels in childhood were related to behaviour problems in adolescence. (12)
There is, for many children, plenty of room for improvement and relief from suffering. Additionally, for parents-to-be, it is of vital importance to optimise nutrition throughout pregnancy. It is critical that we don’t ‘normalise’ the consequences of sub-optimum nutrition either during pregnancy or childhood development.
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Summary
In summary, to build healthy young brains and minimize the risk of developing undesirable symptoms associated with neurodivergence, including ADHD and autism, it is important for mothers-to-be, pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers and their children to:
Avoid alcohol and smoking, especially during pregnancy but also while breast-feeding.
Limit or avoid foods with added sugar and follow a low-GL diet
Avoid chemical colouring and flavour additives such as MSG
Optimise omega-3 intake, as phospholipids, from seafood and eggs, and supplement omega-3 DHA and EPA
Optimise vitamins A and D, with sufficient sun exposure to encourage good body stores of vitamin D
Ensure healthy methylation with B vitamins, especially vitamin B12 in vegans and those on a largely plant-based diet
Check for food intolerances, including gluten, if digestive symptoms are present.
Food for the Brain is a non-for-profit educational and research charity that offers a free Cognitive Function Test and assesses your Dementia Risk Index to be able to advise you on how to dementia-proof your diet and lifestyle.
By completing the Cognitive Function Test you are joining our grassroots research initiative to find out what really works for preventing cognitive decline. We share our ongoing research results with you to help you make brain-friendly choices. Please support our research by becoming a Friend of Food for the Brain.
2. Hibbeln JR, Davis JM,] Steer C, Emmett P, Rogers I, Williams C, Golding J. Maternal seafood consumption in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood (ALSPAC study): an observational cohort study. Lancet. 2007 Feb 17;369(9561):578-85. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60277-3. PMID: 17307104.
3. Z.Liu Behav Neurol. 2021 Dec 7;2021:5417497
4. Veena SR, Krishnaveni GV, Srinivasan K, Wills AK, Muthayya S, Kurpad AV, Yajnik CS, Fall CH. Higher maternal plasma folate but not vitamin B-12 concentrations during pregnancy are associated with better cognitive function scores in 9- to 10- year-old children in South India. J Nutr. 2010 May;140(5):1014-22. doi: 10.3945/jn.109.118075. Epub 2010 Mar 24. PMID: 20335637; PMCID: PMC3672847.
5. Qin B, Xun P, Jacobs DR Jr, Zhu N, Daviglus ML, Reis JP, Steffen LM, Van Horn L, Sidney S, He K. Intake of niacin, folate, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 through young adulthood and cognitive function in midlife: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017 Oct;106(4):1032-1040. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.117.157834. Epub 2017 Aug 2. PMID: 28768650; PMCID: PMC56117
6. McNulty H, Rollins M, Cassidy T, Caffrey A, Marshall B, Dornan J, McLaughlin M, McNulty BA, Ward M, Strain JJ, Molloy AM, Lees-Murdock DJ, Walsh CP, Pentieva K. Effect of continued folic acid supplementation beyond the first trimester of pregnancy on cognitive performance in the child: a follow-up study from a randomized controlled trial (FASSTT Offspring Trial). BMC Med. 2019 Oct 31;17(1):196. doi: 10.1186/s12916-019-1432-4. PMID: 31672132; PMCID: PMC6823954.
7. Roigé-Castellví J, Murphy M, Fernández-Ballart J, Canals J. Moderately elevated preconception fasting plasma total homocysteine is a risk factor for psychological problems in childhood. Public Health Nutr. 2019 Jun;22(9):1615-1623. doi: 10.1017/S1368980018003610. Epub 2019 Jan 14. PMID: 30636652; PMCID: PMC10261079.
8. Kranz, S., Jones, N.R.V., Monsivais, P., Intake Levels of Fish in the UK Paediatric Population. Nutrients 2017, 9, 392. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9040392
9. Montgomery P, Burton JR, Sewell RP, Spreckelsen TF, Richardson AJ. Low blood long chain omega-3 fatty acids in UK children are associated with poor cognitive performance and behavior: a cross-sectional analysis from the DOLAB study. PLoS One. 2013 Jun 24;8(6):e66697. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066697. Erratum in: PLoS One. 2013;8(9). doi:10.1371/annotation/26c6b13f-b83a-4a3f-978a-c09d8ccf1ae2. PMID: 23826114; PMCID: PMC3691187.
10. Raine A, Ang RP, Choy O, Hibbeln JR, Ho RM, Lim CG, Lim-Ashworth NSJ, Ling S, Liu JCJ, Ooi YP, Tan YR, Fung DSS. Omega-3 (ω-3) and social skills interventions for reactive aggression and childhood externalizing behavior problems: a randomized, stratified, double-blind, placebo-controlled, factorial trial. Psychol Med. 2019 Jan;49(2):335-344. doi: 10.1017/S0033291718000983. Epub 2018 May 10. PMID: 29743128; see also Choy O, Raine A. Omega-3 Supplementation as a Dietary Intervention to Reduce Aggressive and Antisocial Behavior. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2018 Apr 5;20(5):32. doi: 10.1007/s11920-018-0894-y. PMID: 29623453; see also Gow RV, Hibbeln JR. Omega-3 fatty acid and nutrient deficits in adverse neurodevelopment and childhood behaviors. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2014 Jul;23(3):555-90. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2014.02.002. Epub 2014 May 27. PMID: 24975625; PMCID: PMC4175558.
11. Liu, J., Cui, Y., Li, L. et al. The mediating role of sleep in the fish consumption – cognitive functioning relationship: a cohort study. Sci Rep7, 17961 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17520-w12. Sonia L Robinson, Constanza Marín, Henry Oliveros, Mercedes Mora-Plazas, Betsy Lozoff, Eduardo Villamor, Vitamin D Deficiency in Middle Childhood Is Related to Behavior Problems in Adolescence, The Journal of Nutrition, Volume 150, Issue 1, 2020, pp.140–148, ISSN 0022-3166, https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxz185.
TODAY is the first, global Alzheimer’s Prevention Day!
An initiative created by a group of world-leading experts on Alzheimer’s prevention have designed a free, online 3-minute Alzheimer’s Prevention Check that helps you see, at a glance, what simple diet and lifestyle changes most help to dementia-proof your diet and lifestyle.
Over 7000 people have already taken part in this never-been-done global initiative – it’s time for you to join them and help us spread the word!
What to do:
Share the Alzheimer’s Prevention Check with EVERYONE. Put the link in your WhatsApp group, text or email it to a friend, post it on social media, and send it around your office. (Plus if you have not yet done the Cognitive Function Test then this is a great place to start) https://ffb-upgradedcft.org/apc
Do the challenge! Record your short video on your smartphone and tell us what you do every day to help prevent Alzheimer’s. Find out how to do that here & see other people’s videos here
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What the experts want YOU to do to prevent Alzheimer’s
Your Daily Lifestyle Choices Matter | Dr David Perlmuter
The Ketogenic Diet for Alzheimer’s Disease| Georgia Ede MD
Address the Energy Gap with MCT oil or Intermittent Fasting | Profesor Stephen Cunnane
Build Your Muscles to Build Your Brain | Dr Tommy Wood
Alcohol Use & Dementia Risk | Chris Palmer MD
Fish Really IS Brain Food! | Professor William Harris
Resistance Training and Alzheimer’s | Louisa Nicola
You can also download and share this graphic to spread the word!
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Thank you for reading!
Food for the Brain is a non-for-profit educational and research charity that offers a free Cognitive Function Test and assesses your Dementia Risk Index to be able to advise you on how to dementia-proof your diet and lifestyle.
By completing the Cognitive Function Test you are joining our grassroots research initiative to find out what really works for preventing cognitive decline. We share our ongoing research results with you to help you make brain-friendly choices. Please support our research by becoming a Friend of Food for the Brain.
Yesterday’s announcement by the Alzheimer’s Society that dementia will cost the UK almost £91bn a year by 2040 highlights why prevention has to be the way forward. (See the Guardian Article here)
“Dementia’s devastating impact is colossal – on the lives of those it affects, on the healthcare system and on the economy”, said Kate Lee, the Alzheimer’s Society’s chief executive who is calling for the ‘urgent need to prioritise early diagnosis.’ We know here at Food for the Brain, that these costs, could easily be halved by focussing on prevention. A recent study from the UK Biobank data and conducted by two of the charity’s scientific advisors, China’s leading dementia prevention Professor Jin-Tai Yu from Fudan University, and by former deputy head of Oxford University’s school of medical science, Professor David Smith, concluded that “up to 73% of dementia can be prevented” right now by focussing on prevention. (1) The Biobank research, however, didn’t measure homocysteine and thus excluded one of the most easily actioned prevention steps – lowering homocysteine with B vitamins – which the US National Institutes of Health says accounts for 22% of the risk for Alzheimer’s. (2)
Patrick Holford our CEO says “the reality is that over 80 percent of dementia could be prevented right now if we took prevention seriously. The quickest wins are testing people, for free, for cognitive function then identifying those at risk and why they are at risk. Dementia is diagnosed with a cognitive function test and changes occur at least thirty years before a diagnosis. This is doable right now with no cost at all.” We have tested 425,000 people to date with 200 taking the free, validated test every day. This is followed by a ‘cognition’ questionnaire that shows the person exactly what is driving their future risk.
The quick wins are increasing omega-3 fats from seafood and supplements, and lowering high homocysteine with B vitamins. The higher a person’s omega-3 level the better their cognition and the more brain density they have, according to research from Loma Linda University in California. (3) “Half of those over 65 have raised blood homocysteine which is easily lowered with a 10p a day B vitamin supplement.” says Holford “The health economist at Oxford University costed the saving just from this one prevention step as £65 million a year. (4) B vitamins with omega-3 have already been shown to reduce the annual rate of brain shrinkage by 73% in those at risk.” (5) The other big driver, he says, is sugar and ultra-processed foods. “Diabetes doubles dementia risk and accelerates brain shrinkage (6) but we can pick up those with the beginnings of blood sugar problems in mid-life with high but ‘normal’ levels of blood sugar which has been shown to increase Alzheimer’s risk by 14.5%. (7)” he says.
We also offer a ‘home-test kit that those at risk can use to measure homocysteine, omega-3, vitamin D and sugar balance (HbA1c – the test used by GPs to diagnose diabetes) then tells the individual what actions to take to protect their brain and improve their cognition. Research shows that having a low vitamin D level increases triples risk for Alzheimer’s (8) and those who supplement vitamin D cut Alzheimer’s risk by a third. (9)
“None of the major charities are taking prevention and the role of nutrition in brain health seriously.” says Holford, author of a new book Upgrade Your Brain which explains how to dementia-proof your diet and lifestyle. “Kate Lee of the Alzheimer’s Society told me they spend nothing on prevention. Alzheimer’s Research UK told us they spend 4.3% of all research money on non-drug prevention. When 80 percent is preventable surely at least half of research funds should be spent on non-drug prevention? We do not need to wait for more research. Dementia is diagnosed using a cognitive function test done in memory clinics. But by the time a GP refers a patient, it is often too late. We offer exactly this cognitive function test for free, online at foodforthebrain.org. There is no need to wait for a mythical blood test to ‘diagnose early’.
This is like having a blood test to diagnose how unfit you are.” says Holford. “Even if this existed, the critical question for those at risk is how to reduce it. All that is needed is to take prevention seriously. It is not difficult. The government have pledged £166 million for dementia a year but no-one can tell us if any of this is actually to be spent on prevention research or putting prevention into action.”
We are supporting World Alzheimer’s Prevention Day – see alzheimersprevention.info – on Wednesday (May 15th), with the support of thirty of the world’s leading dementia prevention experts.
Food for the Brain is a non-for-profit educational and research charity that offers a free Cognitive Function Test and assesses your Dementia Risk Index to be able to advise you on how to dementia-proof your diet and lifestyle.
By completing the Cognitive Function Test you are joining our grassroots research initiative to find out what really works for preventing cognitive decline. We share our ongoing research results with you to help you make brain-friendly choices. Please support our research by becoming a Friend of Food for the Brain.
References
1 Zhang, Y., Chen, SD., Deng, YT. et al. Identifying modifiable factors and their joint effect on dementia risk in the UK Biobank. Nat Hum Behav 7, 1185–1195 (2023). 2 Beydoun MA, Beydoun HA, Gamaldo AA, Teel A, Zonderman AB, Wang Y. Epidemiologic studies of modifiable factors associated with cognition and dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2014 Jun 24;14:643. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-643. PMID: 24962204; PMCID: PMC4099157. 3 Loong, S.; Barnes, S.; Gatto, N.M.; Chowdhury, S.; Lee, G.J. Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Cognition, and Brain Volume in Older Adults. Brain Sci.2023,13,1278. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/brainsci13091278. 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trci.2016.07.0 5 Jernerén F, Elshorbagy AK, Oulhaj A, Smith SM, Refsum H, Smith AD (2015). Brain atrophy in cognitively impaired elderly: the importance of long-chain ω-3 fatty acids and B vitamin status in a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 Jul;102(1):215-21 6 Arvanitakis Z, Wilson RS, Bienias JL, Evans DA, Bennett DA. Diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer disease and decline in cognitive function. Arch Neurol. 2004 May;61(5):661-6. doi: 10.1001/archneur.61.5.661. PMID: 15148141; see alsoYaffe K, Blackwell T, Kanaya AM, Davidowitz N, Barrett-Connor E, Krueger K. Diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and development of cognitive impairment in older women. Neurology [Internet]. 2004 Aug 24 [cited 2022 Mar 16];63(4):658–63. Available from: https://n.neurology.org/content/63/4/658; see also Tiehuis AM, van der Graaf Y, Visseren FL, Vincken KL, Biessels GJ, Appelman APA, et al. Diabetes Increases Atrophy and Vascular Lesions on Brain MRI in Patients With Symptomatic Arterial Disease. Stroke. 2008 May;39(5):1600–3; see also Samaras K, Lutgers HL, Kochan NA, Crawford JD, Campbell LV, Wen W, et al. The impact of glucose disorders on cognition and brain volumes in the elderly: the Sydney Memory and Ageing Study. AGE [Internet]. 2014 Jan 9 [cited 2022 Aug 5];36(2):977–93. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4039246/ 7 Zhang X, Tong T, Chang A, Ang TFA, Tao Q, Auerbach S, Devine S, Qiu WQ, Mez J, Massaro J, Lunetta KL, Au R, Farrer LA. Midlife lipid and glucose levels are associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2023 Jan;19(1):181-193. doi: 10.1002/alz.12641. Epub 2022 Mar 23. PMID: 35319157; PMCID: PMC10078665. 8 Vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of Alzheimer’s.112 In a study in France involving 912 elderly patients followed for 12 years, a total of 177 dementia cases occurred. Those with low vitamin D levels had a nearly three-fold increased risk of Alzheimer’s.113 9 Ghahremani M, Smith EE, Chen HY, Creese B, Goodarzi Z, Ismail Z. Vitamin D supplementation and incident dementia: Effects of sex, APOE, and baseline cognitive status. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2023 Mar 1;15(1):e12404. doi: 10.1002/dad2.12404. PMID: 36874594; PMCID: PMC9976297.
The food you eat feeds your brain but how can you consistently eat healthy even on the go, or when life is busy?
We know here at Food for the Brain that a low Glycemic Load diet is one of the 8 ways you can reduce your risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s (and improve your Cognitive Function score – take the free validated online test here) – which is why we are creating our Recipe App so that you have access to lots of brain loving recipes.
But what can you eat when travelling, on the go or for an easy snack?
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Feeding the brain is a no-brainer but picking the right foods can be hard.
At FATT we really love the brain and because we love the brain, we also love the gut.
Everything we pick must be right for both brain and gut which is why we really do love nuts and in particular almonds and macadamias. Nuts are smart as they are rich in protein, B vitamins and vitamin E but are also a good source of potassium, selenium, magnesium, zinc and copper.
Macadamias are also rich in omega 3 to help balance any omega 6 in your diet.
We then add in the inulin and chicory fibre for a prebiotic kick to feed your healthy gut bio.
Whether you are eating a cookie or a brownie, a bar or a bite, you can be sure that you are getting food for the brain and gut without compromise. At FATT we do not use any sweeteners (artificial or otherwise) that might interfere with your gut and your brain or even fool your body into thinking it is digesting sugar.
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Try our unique range of healthy low carb but indulgent snacks at a special discount and we will also make a further charitable contribution to Food for the Brain and its amazing work.
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Thank you for reading!
Food for the Brain is a non-for-profit educational and research charity that offers a free Cognitive Function Test and assesses your Dementia Risk Index to be able to advise you on how to dementia-proof your diet and lifestyle.
By completing the Cognitive Function Test you are joining our grassroots research initiative to find out what really works for preventing cognitive decline. We share our ongoing research results with you to help you make brain-friendly choices. Please support our research by becoming a Friend of Food for the Brain.
Author of the article is Patrick Holford and the Alzheimer’s Prevention Expert Group.
The single greatest genetic predictor of Alzheimer’s disease is the presence of the ApoE4 variant of the ApoE gene, carried by about one in five people. Having this contributes 4% to 6% of the absolute risk for Alzheimer’s disease. (1)
This is often exaggerated as a risk factor because, if a person is an Apoe4 carrier, and changes nothing, they have about a 20% greater chance of developing Alzheimer’s later in life than someone who doesn’t. This is called ‘relative risk’. It doesn’t mean, however, that someone with the ApoE4 gene has a 20% chance of developing Alzheimer’s. This is because, as an example, a person without the ApoE4 gene at a certain age might have a 4% chance of developing Alzheimer’s, while someone with the ApoE4 gene might have a 5% chance, so their risk has gone up by, in this example, 20%. In absolute terms, the risk would be only 1% higher.
This new study 2 shows two things: the first is that most ApoE4 carriers show some of the biomarkers for developing Alzheimer’s later on, namely higher levels of toxic amyloid and – p-tau proteins. This is not surprising. However, and this is key, quoting the paper “In the dementia stage, there were no differences in amyloid or tau despite earlier clinical and biomarker changes.” In other words, even these indicators of risk had vanished, or were no longer more prevalent in those with vs without this gene variant. This means that, even if you could lower levels of amyloid earlier in the disease process, this is highly unlikely to have any effect.
This so-called ‘Alzheimer’s gene’ can only exert effects via non-genetic mechanisms, and these mechanisms are often susceptible to modification with a person’s nutrition having the most direct influence. In other words, genes only tell us about susceptibilities, tendencies – they are not (at least in this case) determinative of whether one does or does not develop Alzheimer’s in their lifetime because other factors can modify the effects of carrying the ApoE4 gene variant. In other words, a gene variant such as ApoE4 it is more like a dimmer switch and can be ‘over-expressed’ or ‘down-regulated’, turned up or dimmed down by a variety of lifestyle factors.
The ApoE4 gene is downregulated by eating a low-glycemic load (GL) or low sugar diet or more ketogenic diet with specific Mediterranean-style food choices including fatty fish, cruciferous vegetables, olive oil, low alcohol consumption. Four supplemental nutrients have reasonably good evidence of blunting the effects of the ApoE4 variant. These are omega-3 DHA, B vitamins (B2, B6, B12 and folate) and vitamin D. (3)
But what happens to risk if a person is well-nourished with these dietary factors already? A good example of this is a recent study in China, involving 29,072 people of which 20% had the ApoE4 gene. 4 Each participant had their diet and lifestyle assessed over the 10 year period of the study to see who would or wouldn’t develop cognitive decline or dementia.
What the study showed was that whether or not a person had the ApoE4 ‘Alzheimer’s gene’ made no difference to the positive reduction in risk achievable by simple diet and lifestyle changes. “These results provide an optimistic outlook, as they suggest that although genetic risk is not modifiable, a combination of more healthy lifestyle factors is associated with a slower rate of memory decline, regardless of the genetic risk,” wrote the study authors. Eating a healthy diet was also the most important prevention step, followed by an active lifestyle, with one’s intellectual life, then physical activity, then social interactions being the next most important steps. Eating a healthy diet was about twice as important as exercise in predicting cognitive decline. Those with a healthy diet were about seven times less likely to have age-related cognitive decline or dementia than those with an ‘average’ diet and about nine times less likely to develop dementia than those with an unfavourable diet.
All major studies on people at risk of, or already with, dementia or Alzheimer’s have measured whether the study participants do or don’t have the ApoE4 variant. We’ve looked at the major studies that have measured the impact of a change in diet or nutrition or lifestyle and they almost all show no difference in outcome if you do or don’t have the gene.
A good analogy is that having the ApoE4 gene variant is like a weak beam of light which, in the darkness, increases one’s risk a bit, but once you shine the strong light of actually doing something such as changing your diet or supplementing omega-3 fish oils, B vitamins or vitamin D, the effect of being an ApoE4 carrier seems to be invisible in that there is no significant difference in outcome between those who had or didn’t have this gene variant.
Please note: the pharmaceutical industry is keen to promote a drug that lowers amyloid or p-tau. 14 trials have shown that anti-amyloid drugs do lower amyloid but none has had clinically significant effect on actual dementia or cognitive decline. 5 In other words the amyloid theory is bust. Amyloid is not a cause of Alzheimer’s – it’s a result. Raised toxic P-tau is a direct consequence of raised homocysteine, driven by a lack of B vitamins. See the p-tau delusion article here. Lowering homocysteine with B vitamins, which is an established cause, lowers p-tau.
Food for the Brain is a non-for-profit educational and research charity that offers a free Cognitive Function Test and assesses your Dementia Risk Index to be able to advise you on how to dementia-proof your diet and lifestyle.
By completing the Cognitive Function Test you are joining our grassroots research initiative to find out what really works for preventing cognitive decline. We share our ongoing research results with you to help you make brain-friendly choices. Please support our research by becoming a Friend of Food for the Brain.
References
1 Heininger, K. (2000), A unifying hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease. III. Risk factors. Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp., 15: 1-70. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099- 1077(200001)15:1<1::AID-HUP153>3.0.CO;2-1; see also Ridge PG, Mukherjee S, Crane PK,Kauwe JSK, (2013) Alzheimer’s Disease: Analyzing the Missing Heritability. PLoS ONE 8(11): e79771. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079771
3 Norwitz,N.G.;Saif,N.; Ariza, I.E.; Isaacson, R.S. Precision Nutrition for Alzheimer’s Prevention in ApoE4 Carriers. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1362. https://doi.org/10.3390/ nu13041362
4 Jia J, Zhao T, Liu Z et al., Association between healthy lifestyle and memory decline in olderadults: 10 year, population based, prospective cohort study BMJ 2023;380:e072691 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ bmj-2022-072691
